This was a conversation our team had been looking forward to for a while. We came in with a lot of questions, especially around those chronic, persistent cases that don’t respond the way we expect. Dr. Richard Horowitz, one of the most recognized experts in chronic Lyme disease and complex chronic illness worldwide, did not disappoint. He’s spent decades working with exactly these patients. In this episode, we dig into emerging research around persistent infection and neuroinflammation, including findings that roughly half of his Lyme patients tested positive for biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s, and what that might mean clinically. He also shares how his MSIDS model connects many of the chronic conditions we see in practice to the same underlying drivers, offering a more systems-based way to approach these cases.